{"id":8222,"date":"2026-04-15T13:55:15","date_gmt":"2026-04-15T06:55:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/?p=8222"},"modified":"2026-04-15T13:55:15","modified_gmt":"2026-04-15T06:55:15","slug":"ke-toan-gia-thanh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/","title":{"rendered":"Cost Accounting 2026: Standard Procedure and Detailed Calculation Methods"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost accounting is no longer simply a matter of record-keeping; it has become the &quot;heart&quot; of a business&#039;s strategic management system. Accurately determining the cost of producing a product helps businesses optimize profits, enhance competitiveness, and ensure transparency with tax authorities. This article will provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the processes, methods, and technological trends in cost accounting.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Index<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Ke_toan_gia_thanh_la_gi\" >What is cost accounting?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Phan_biet_ke_toan_gia_thanh_va_ke_toan_chi_phi\" >Distinguishing between cost accounting and expense accounting.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Vai_tro_chien_luoc_cua_ke_toan_gia_thanh\" >The strategic role of cost accounting<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Quy_trinh_ke_toan_gia_thanh_chi_tiet\" >Detailed cost accounting process<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Buoc_1_Tap_hop_chi_phi_san_xuat_phat_sinh_trong_ky\" >Step 1: Gather production costs incurred during the period.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Buoc_2_Phan_loai_va_phan_bo_chi_phi\" >Step 2: Classify and allocate costs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Buoc_3_Kiem_ke_va_danh_gia_san_pham_do_dang_cuoi_ky\" >Step 3: Inventory and valuation of work-in-progress at the end of the period.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Buoc_4_Tinh_tong_gia_thanh_va_gia_thanh_don_vi\" >Step 4: Calculate the total cost and unit cost.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Phuong_phap_tinh_gia_thanh_pho_bien\" >Common cost calculation methods<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Phuong_phap_truc_tiep\" >Direct method<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Phuong_phap_He_so\" >Coefficient Method<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Phuong_phap_Ty_le\" >Ratio Method<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Phuong_phap_Loai_tru_san_pham_phu\" >Byproduct Elimination Method<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Phuong_phap_Phan_buoc\" >Step-by-Step Method<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Phuong_phap_Don_dat_hang\" >Order Method<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Huong_dan_hach_toan_ke_toan_gia_thanh_theo_Thong_tu_200_va_Thong_tu_133\" >Guidelines for cost accounting according to Circular 200 and Circular 133<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Theo_Thong_tu_2002014TT-BTC\" >According to Circular 200\/2014\/TT-BTC<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Theo_Thong_tu_1332016TT-BTC\" >According to Circular 133\/2016\/TT-BTC<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Cac_sai_sot_thuong_gap_va_cach_xu_ly_trong_ke_toan_gia_thanh\" >Common errors and how to handle them in cost accounting.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Checklist_10_buoc_kiem_tra_cho_ke_toan_gia_thanh_chuyen_nghiep\" >Checklist of 10 steps for professional cost accounting.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Ket_luan\" >Conclude<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/ke-toan-gia-thanh\/#Thong_tin_lien_he_MAN_%E2%80%93_Master_Accountant_Network\" >Contact information MAN \u2013 Master Accountant Network<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ke_toan_gia_thanh_la_gi\"><\/span><b>What is cost accounting?<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8225\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8225\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8225\" src=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Khai-niem-ke-toan-gia-thanh-va-vai-tro-chien-luoc-trong-doanh-nghiep.jpg\" alt=\"Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Khai-niem-ke-toan-gia-thanh-va-vai-tro-chien-luoc-trong-doanh-nghiep.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Khai-niem-ke-toan-gia-thanh-va-vai-tro-chien-luoc-trong-doanh-nghiep-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Khai-niem-ke-toan-gia-thanh-va-vai-tro-chien-luoc-trong-doanh-nghiep-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Khai-niem-ke-toan-gia-thanh-va-vai-tro-chien-luoc-trong-doanh-nghiep-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Khai-niem-ke-toan-gia-thanh-va-vai-tro-chien-luoc-trong-doanh-nghiep-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8225\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The concept of cost accounting and its strategic role in businesses.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost accounting is a crucial subsystem of management accounting and financial accounting, focusing on the collection, analysis, and allocation of costs incurred in the production and business process to determine the actual value of a unit of product or service.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By 2026, this concept will be expanded to integrated cost management. It will not only encompass tangible costs but also carbon costs (ESG), digital licensing costs, and smart operating costs. A skilled cost accountant needs not only to know how to add and subtract numbers but also to have a deep understanding of technical standards and factory operating procedures.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Phan_biet_ke_toan_gia_thanh_va_ke_toan_chi_phi\"><\/span><b>Distinguishing between cost accounting and expense accounting.<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many people often confuse these two concepts. However, technically, there are clear distinctions between them to avoid confusion during accounting:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost accounting: Focuses on aggregating all incurred costs (inputs) according to each cost element such as materials, wages, and outsourced services.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost accounting: This is the final result of the cost accumulation process, linked to a specific product (output). If cost accounting answers the question &quot;How much money have we spent?&quot;, then cost accounting answers the question &quot;How much does it cost to produce one product?&quot;.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vai_tro_chien_luoc_cua_ke_toan_gia_thanh\"><\/span><b>The strategic role of cost accounting<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the context of volatile inflation and globalized supply chains today, cost accounting plays an extremely important role for businesses:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strategic pricing basis: Helps the sales department determine floor and ceiling prices to ensure target profit margins. If cost accounting data is inaccurate, the business may unknowingly sell below cost.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Optimizing production resources: Identifying cost bottlenecks to reduce waste in the production line.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legal compliance and tax optimization: Ensuring that the figures on financial statements accurately reflect actual production. To ensure high professionalism and minimize the risk of errors, many businesses now prioritize choosing specialized service providers.<\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/dich-vu-ke-toan-tron-goi\/\"> full accounting service<\/a><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It is important to have a good reputation for handling cost issues systematically from the outset.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Quy_trinh_ke_toan_gia_thanh_chi_tiet\"><\/span><b>Detailed cost accounting process<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To perform cost accounting scientifically, accountants need to adhere to a strict four-step process, combined with the support of ERP software systems and modern AI algorithms.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Buoc_1_Tap_hop_chi_phi_san_xuat_phat_sinh_trong_ky\"><\/span><b>Step 1: Gather production costs incurred during the period.<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This stage involves collecting all original documents related to the production process. According to the current accounting regulations (Circular 200), cost accounting expenses are grouped into three main categories:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Direct material costs (Account 621): Includes the value of raw materials, main materials, and auxiliary materials that are directly used. For example, in garment manufacturing, cost accounting will accumulate the costs of fabric, thread, and buttons into this account based on production warehouse withdrawal slips.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Direct labor costs (Account 622): Includes salaries, wages, and deductions from salaries (social insurance, health insurance, union fees) of direct production workers. Cost accountants need to compare time sheets with payroll records to ensure accuracy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">General production costs (Account 627): Indirect costs in the workshop such as machinery depreciation, electricity and water costs, and salaries of workshop management staff. This is the most difficult part to allocate in cost accounting. Therefore, businesses can refer to the following: <\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/dich-vu-ke-toan-thue-ngoai\/\">outsourced accounting services<\/a><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Seek support from a reputable and experienced provider like MAN \u2013 Master Accountant Network.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Buoc_2_Phan_loai_va_phan_bo_chi_phi\"><\/span><b>Step 2: Classify and allocate costs<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For costs that cannot be directly separated for each product, cost accounting needs to choose an appropriate allocation method:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allocation based on the proportion of main raw material costs: Applicable when the product consumes a large amount of raw materials.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allocation based on actual working hours: Applicable to labor-intensive industries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allocation based on machine hours: Particularly common in automated factories.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Buoc_3_Kiem_ke_va_danh_gia_san_pham_do_dang_cuoi_ky\"><\/span><b>Step 3: Inventory and valuation of work-in-progress at the end of the period.<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evaluating work-in-progress is a crucial step in determining the accuracy of cost accounting. There are three most common methods:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Valuation based on the cost of primary materials: This method is simple, only calculating the value of materials included in the work-in-progress.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Valuation based on equivalent completed output: Cost accounting converts work-in-progress into completed products based on the degree of completion (Example: 200 work-in-progress items = 100 completed items).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost-based evaluation: Applicable when the business has an accurate cost standardization system.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Buoc_4_Tinh_tong_gia_thanh_va_gia_thanh_don_vi\"><\/span><b>Step 4: Calculate the total cost and unit cost.<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once all the data is available, the cost accountant applies the following formula:<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-color: #000000;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"2\" cellpadding=\"12\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total cost = Beginning work-in-process costs + Costs incurred during the period \u2013 Ending work-in-process costs<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In there:<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-color: #000000;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"2\" cellpadding=\"12\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unit cost = Total cost \/ Number of finished products<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Phuong_phap_tinh_gia_thanh_pho_bien\"><\/span><b>Common cost calculation methods<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The choice of cost accounting method depends on the technological characteristics and production processes of each enterprise.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Phuong_phap_truc_tiep\"><\/span><b>Direct method<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is the most basic method in cost accounting.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Target audience: Businesses that produce a small number of product lines and have simple processes (e.g., mineral extraction).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Practical example: A quarry calculates all expenses incurred during the month and divides them by the number of cubic meters of stone extracted.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Phuong_phap_He_so\"><\/span><b>Coefficient Method<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The challenge for cost accounting using this method is determining the correct conversion factor.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Target audience: Manufacturing that produces multiple products from the same process (e.g., clothing in various sizes).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calculation method: Convert all products to standard sizes using a coefficient (size M = 1, size L = 1.2, size XL = 1.5).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Phuong_phap_Ty_le\"><\/span><b>Ratio Method<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost accounting often applies this method in industries such as confectionery and cosmetics.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Characteristics: Costs are aggregated for each product group, then proportionally divided based on the standard cost or selling price.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Phuong_phap_Loai_tru_san_pham_phu\"><\/span><b>Byproduct Elimination Method<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the agricultural or chemical industries, determining the value of by-products is a crucial task of cost accounting.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cost calculation formula is determined as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-color: #000000;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"2\" cellpadding=\"12\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost of the main product = Total costs \u2013 Value of recovered by-products<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Phuong_phap_Phan_buoc\"><\/span><b>Step-by-Step Method<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This applies to production lines with multiple consecutive stages. Cost accounting must calculate the cost for each semi-finished product at each step before adding them up.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Phuong_phap_Don_dat_hang\"><\/span><b>Order Method<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Commonly seen in the construction or shipbuilding industries, cost accountants will open a detailed ledger for each order, and the costs are &quot;held&quot; in account 154 until the order is delivered.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Huong_dan_hach_toan_ke_toan_gia_thanh_theo_Thong_tu_200_va_Thong_tu_133\"><\/span><b>Guidelines for cost accounting according to Circular 200 and Circular 133<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8224\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8224\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8224\" src=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Huong-dan-hach-toan-chi-tiet-ke-toan-gia-thanh.jpg\" alt=\"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ea1ch to\u00e1n chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ebf to\u00e1n gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Huong-dan-hach-toan-chi-tiet-ke-toan-gia-thanh.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Huong-dan-hach-toan-chi-tiet-ke-toan-gia-thanh-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Huong-dan-hach-toan-chi-tiet-ke-toan-gia-thanh-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Huong-dan-hach-toan-chi-tiet-ke-toan-gia-thanh-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Huong-dan-hach-toan-chi-tiet-ke-toan-gia-thanh-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8224\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detailed cost accounting guidelines<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The differences in the accounting system between these two circulars require cost accounting staff to pay close attention:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Theo_Thong_tu_2002014TT-BTC\"><\/span><b>According to Circular 200\/2014\/TT-BTC<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost accounting according to Circular 200\/2014\/TT-BTC:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost aggregation: Debit 621, 622, 627 \/ Credit 152, 334, 214\u2026<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Closing entries at the end of the period: Debit 154 \/ Credit 621, 622, 627.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finished goods inventory entry: Debit 155 \/ Credit 154.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Theo_Thong_tu_1332016TT-BTC\"><\/span><b>According to Circular 133\/2016\/TT-BTC<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For SMEs, the work of a cost accountant is simplified:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost aggregation: Debit 154 (Details for each element) \/ Credit 152, 334, 214\u2026<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finished goods inventory entry: Debit 155 \/ Credit 154.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cac_sai_sot_thuong_gap_va_cach_xu_ly_trong_ke_toan_gia_thanh\"><\/span><b>Common errors and how to handle them in cost accounting.<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Below are tips from MAN \u2013 Master Accountant Network for cost accountants to avoid expense disallowances during tax settlement:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Material waste exceeding the standard: If the cost in account 621 is unusually high compared to the technical standard without a reasonable explanation, the tax authorities have the right to disallow this excess cost. The cost accountant needs to prepare a report confirming the cause (due to poor quality materials, machinery malfunction).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorrect allocation of overhead costs: Inconsistent selection of allocation methods across years can lead to artificial fluctuations in cost of goods sold. Cost accounting needs to maintain a consistent method for at least one accounting period.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Misinterpreting selling expenses and administrative expenses: Many businesses include office expenses in account 627 to increase the cost of goods sold. This is a serious mistake that cost accountants need to avoid.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Checklist_10_buoc_kiem_tra_cho_ke_toan_gia_thanh_chuyen_nghiep\"><\/span><b>Checklist of 10 steps for professional cost accounting.<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To ensure a perfect cost accounting record, follow this checklist:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have you updated your Bill of Materials (BOM) to the latest version?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do the delivery notes clearly specify the cost aggregation object?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Does the time sheet clearly separate direct workers from management staff?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do the electricity, water, and factory rent bills include the company&#039;s full name and tax identification number?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is the method for evaluating work-in-progress consistent with last year?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Has a physical inventory count been conducted at the end of the period?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Has the value of recovered scrap (if any) been deducted from the cost?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is the allocation of overhead costs changing unusually?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have all the balances of accounts 621, 622, and 627 been transferred to account 154 yet?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do the data in the accounting software match the Excel costing spreadsheet (if used)?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ket_luan\"><\/span><b>Conclude<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost accounting has never been an easy job, but it is the true measure of a professional finance practitioner&#039;s value. In the context of 2026 technology, the line between a purely record-keeping accountant and a strategic cost management expert lies in the ability to master numbers and apply technology to optimize cash flow for the business.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If your business is struggling to establish a costing system, choose the optimal allocation method, or wants to apply AI tools to its operational processes, don&#039;t hesitate to contact MAN \u2013 Master Accountant Network for detailed support and advice.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Source:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/vbpl.vn\/TW\/Pages\/vbpq-van-ban-goc.aspx?ItemID=66801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Circular 200\/2014\/TT-BTC<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/vanban.chinhphu.vn\/default.aspx?pageid=27160&amp;docid=186679\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Circular 133\/2016\/TT-BTC<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Thong_tin_lien_he_MAN_%E2%80%93_Master_Accountant_Network\"><\/span><b>Contact information MAN \u2013 Master Accountant Network<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Address: No. 19A, Street 43, Tan Thuan Ward, Ho Chi Minh City<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mobile\/Zalo: 0903 963 163 \u2013 0903 428 622<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Email: man@man.net.vn<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Content production by: Mr. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/man.net.vn\/le-hoang-tuyen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Le Hoang Tuyen<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Founder &amp; CEO MAN \u2013 Master Accountant Network, Vietnamese CPA Auditor with over 30 years of experience in Accounting, Auditing and Financial Consulting.<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>K\u1ebf to\u00e1n gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh &#8220;tr\u00e1i tim&#8221; trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m gi\u00fap doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1i \u01b0u l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":8223,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8222","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8222","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8222"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8222\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8226,"href":"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8222\/revisions\/8226"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8223"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8222"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8222"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ketoan.man.net.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8222"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}